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FROM   CZAR   TO    KAISER 


MARIA  BOCHKARIEVA— THE  JOAN  OF  ARC  OF  RUSSIA 
About  this  time,  Maria  Bochkarieva,  on  leave  from  the  front,  saw  that  Russia  was  in  danger.  She 
conceived  the  idea  of  forming  an  army  of  women.  Kerensky,  recognizing  the  good  that  might  come  of 
this,  gave  his  consent  and  recruiting  began.  This  woman  was  the  wife  of  a  peasant  from  the  Volga  district 
who  joined  his  regiment  the  day  of  mobilization.  After  he  was  killed  at  the  front  she  demanded  permission 
from  the  Czar  to  take  his  place  in  the  regiment.  After  many  months,  the  desired  permission  was  received 
and  she  joined  the  regiment  at  the  front.  She  suffered  many  hardships  and  proved  herself  a  good  soldier. 
She  was  several  times  decorated  for  bravery,  once  for  rescuing  men  who  were  caught  on  barbed  wire,  she 
herself  being  wounded. 


FROM    CZAR 
TO    KAISER 

THE    BETRAYAL    OF    RUSSIA 


BY 


CAPTAIN    DONALD    C.   THOMPSON 


•'••' ;""  t 


DOUBLEDAY,     PAGE&     COMPANY 

GARDEN    CITY,     NEW    YORK 

MCMX  VI  1  1 


(J^ 


Copyright,  igiS,  by 

DOUBLEDAY,  PaGE  &  COMPANY 

/111  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 

translation  into  foreign  languages, 

including  the  Scandinavian 


INTRODUCTION 


THIS  book  is  the  result  of  an  inspiration  that  came  to  Captain  Thompson  in  the 
midst  of  the  February  revolution  that  overthrew  the  Czar  and  ultimately  deliv- 
ered Russia  over  to  the  infinite  agony  of  anarchy.     Mr.  Thompson  was  in  Russia 
making  photographs  for  Leslie's  Weekly  and  I  was  correspondent  for  the  same 
paper.     One  day  when  we  were  seeking  shelter  in  a  doorway  from  a  burst  of  bullets  that 
swept  the  Nevski  Prospekt,  Thompson  suddenly  said,  apropos  of  nothing  in  our  previous 
conversation : 

"A  photographic  record  of  the  French  Revolution  would  be  beyond  price.  This  is 
my  chance.     I  am  going  to  record  the  story  of  this  revolution  in  pictures." 

From  that  day  his  two  hobbies  were  his  cinema  film,  which  was  to  tell  on  the  screen 
the  narrative  of  the  revolution  and  the  dark  forces  that  brought  it  about,  and  a  book  of 
pictures  that  should  do  the  same  thing,  but  in  permanent  form.  When  the  tides  of  revolu- 
tion ebbed  and  gave  us  respite  from  the  gruelling  work  necessary  to  cover  so  vast  "a 
story,"  we  spent  endless  hours  planning  this  book,  and  I  am  sure  that  even  when  Captain 
Thompson  was  busy  with  his  cameras  and  the  bullets  were  singing  around  him,  he  was 
thinking  of  the  great  work  that  he  had  taken  upon  himself — the  giving  to  the  world  of  a 
pictorial  record  of  the  greatest  social  and  political  upheaval  it  has  ever  known. 

At  that  time  we  did  not  realize  the  mighty  sweep  that  the  revolution  would  attain. 
We  knew  that  170,000,000  people  had  thrown  off  the  bonds  of  despotism  and  were  groping 
blindly  in  the  glare  of  the  freedom  they  had  seized,  but  did  not  know  how  to  use.  We 
could  not  foresee  the  extremes  to  which  they  would  go.  The  fact  that  the  Russian  Moujik 
is  normally  a  peaceful,  docile  child,  led  all  to  think  that  the  revolution  would  be  compara- 
tively bloodless  and  that  out  of  temporary  anarchy  would  speedily  come  some  form  of 
free  and  ordered  government.  How  bitterly  all  friends  of  the  Russian  people  were  dis- 
appointed, need  not  be  gone  into  here.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  the  sinister  influences 
emanating  from  Berlin  that  had  so  much  to  do  with  bringing  about  the  original  upheaval, 
have  continued  to  support  the  forces  of  disorder  and  to  push  Russia  further  and  further 
into  the  hopeless  confusion  that  best  serves  the  ends  of  the  war  machine  of  the  Huns. 

It  is  not  possible  adequately  to  tell  the  story  of  German  intrigue  in  Russia  through 
the  medium  of  pictures.  In  fact,  I  doubt  the  power  of  words  to  do  full  justice  to  the  sub- 
ject. But  so  far  as  the  graphic  art  of  photography  permits,  Thompson  has  here  set  forth 
the  story.     It  is  his  hope  that  this  record  will  not  be  without  value  to  his  own  countrymen. 


385052 


vi  INTRODUCTION 

who,  he  beheves,  are  all  too  indifferent  to  the  menace  of  German  intrigue  and  propaganda 
that  encompasses  them  on  every  side. 

When  we  arrived  in  Petrograd  in  February,  191 7,  we  found  a  city  apparently  calm, 
but  underneath,  seething  with  excitement.  An  explosion  was  bound  to  come.  Before 
we  had  been  there  a  week,  we  could  foresee  it  just  as  could  those  experienced  in  Russia's 
affairs.  When  finally  the  revolution  started,  Mr.  Thompson  was  there  with  his  cameras, 
trailing  the  mobs.  All  day  long  from  one  end  of  the  city  to  the  other,  up  and  down  the 
Nevski,  he  followed  them.  Sometimes  it  was  impossible  to  take  pictures  for  the  simple 
reason  that  any  camera  was  smashed  as  soon  as  seen. 

During  the  calm  that  followed  the  first  revolution  of  March,  Mr.  Thompson  was 
seriously  ill  in  the  hospital.  This  illness  was  caused  by  overwork  and  too  great  strain 
following  exposure  and  fatigue.  Fortunately  he  recovered  in  time  to  be  ready  with  his 
faithful  cameras  to  photograph  the  labor  demonstrations  in  May.  This  was  the  first  at- 
tempt of  the  extreme  radicals  to  test  their  power.  As  the  people  of  Petrograd  did  nothing 
but  parade  and  make  speeches,  Mr.  Thompson  decided  to  go  to  the  front.  Rumors  had 
reached  us  that  the  soldiers'  committees  there  were  usurping  the  power  of  their  officers. 
Two  months'  work  up  and  down  the  front,  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Baltic,  produced  a 
complete  photographic  record  of  the  revolution  as  it  had  affected  the  soldiers. 

It  was  not  always  easy  to  take  pictures  of  the  riots,  because  just  as  he  would  establish 
himself  in  a  good  place  on  some  corner,  some  adherent,  either  of  the  Bolsheviki  or  the 
Provisional  Government  would  start  a  little  excitement  with  machine  guns.  Then  it  was 
easier  and  safer  to  move  on.  During  these  riots,  however,  Mr.  Thompson  was  always  to 
be  seen  where  the  crowds  were  thickest,  and  where  the  machine  guns  were  spraying  the 
streets  with  lead. 

Immediately  after  these  disturbances  news  of  a  break  in  the  front,  in  Galicia,  reached 
us  and  Mr.  Thompson  left  at  a  moment's  notice  to  photograph  this  appalling  disaster. 
From  then  on,  whenever  anything  of  importance  took  place,  he  was  there  with  his  cam- 
eras, thus  securing  the  completest  possible  photographic  history  of  Russia's  downfall. 
In  the  big  cities,  on  the  front,  in  fact,  from  one  end  of  Russia  to  the  other,  he  saw  German 
agents  at  work,  and  month  by  month  observed  the  accumulating  results  of  their  pernicious 
propaganda.  When  at  last  their  work  bore  its  inevitable  fruit,  and  the  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment was  ignominiously  chased  out  of  Petrograd,  he  decided  to  leave — it  was  a  case  of 
then  or  never.  His  one  idea  was  to  get  his  photographs  safely  out  of  the  country.  In  this 
he  experienced  many  difficulties,  but  finally  reached  Japan  with  his  cherished  pictures 
intact. 

The  best  examples  of  these  pictures  are  contained  in  this  book;  to  which  I  have 
added,  at  Captain  Thompson's  request,  such  descriptive  details  as  seemed  necessary. 
By  looking  through  it,  one  is  able  to  understand  something  of  the  terrible  state  of  chaos 
and  anarchy  into  which  Russia  has  fallen.  Florence  MacLeod  Harper. 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


Maria  Bochkarieva — the  Joan  of  Arc  of  Russia        Frontispiece 

PAGE 

BEFORE  THE  REVOLUTION 

A  typical  stretch  of  the  bleak  marshland 3 

The  remains  of  the  village  of  Kolky 4 

Officers  of  a  captured  Prussian  Guard  regiment  •   .      .      .  5 
The  battle  flag  which  the  Kaiser  had  presented  to  the  cap- 
tured regiment 6 

The  Russians  saw  their  own  men  fall  by  the  hundreds  of 

thousands 7 

Some  typical  soldier  graves 8 

A  well-kept  section  of  the  Russian  front 9 

Pointed  stakes  were  used  to  supplement  the  scanty  supply 

of  wire  in  making  the  wire  entanglements 10 

Ananti-aircraft  gun  ready  for  the  enemy 11 

A  German  plane  brought  down  by  a  Russian  anti-aircraft 

gun 12 

German  prisoners  of  war  in  Siberia 13 

Wounded  menwalkingfromdressingstationto field  hospital  14 

A  typical  group  of  Cossacks 15 

There  are  more  dead  than  living  Cossacks— here  are  some 

of  the  dead 16 

The  Duma  in  session 17 

Madame  Breshkovskaya 18 

The  Monk  Rasputin,  the  evil  genius  of  the  old  regime  in 

Russia,  surrounded  by  admiring  women 19 

The  Princess  Virubova,  lady-in-waiting  to  the  Czarina    .  20 

A  Russian  bread-line  guarded  by  the  imperial  police  21 

REVOLUTION  OF  MARCH 

The  first  victimsof  the  Russian  Revolution 22 

Police  barracks  after  being  stormed  and  sacked  ...  23 
Police  spies  rounded  up  to  be  tried  by  the  Duma  ...  24 
Revolutionists  marching  to  the  Duma  to  swear  allegiance  .  25 
Duma  messengers  protected  by  armed  guards  ....  26 
Revolutionists  starting  from  the  Liteiny  Prospekt  to  at- 
tack a  police  barracks 27 

The  same  body  of  revolutionists  being  cheered  by  the 

crowds 28 

Police  barracks  captured  after  a  life-and-death  struggle  29 
The  empty  cartridge  cases  show  how  desperately  the  police 

defended  themselves 30 

Someof  the  frozen  dead  after  a  street  fight 31 

The  hotel  Astoria,  after  it  had  been  sacked  by  a  mob  of  rev- 
olutionists        32 

The  lobby  of  the  hotel  .Astoria  after  it  had  been  sacked .  33 

Captain  Thompson's  room  in  the  hotel  Astoria   ....  34 

Bodies  marked  for  identification  by  friends 35 

A  group  of  city  militia,  with  an  armoured  car   ....  36 

A  court  lady  camouflaged  as  a  Sister  of  Mercy     ....  37 

A  truckload  of  excited  soldiers  firing  into  the  air       ...  38 

"The  little  grandmother  of  the  Revolution"     ....  39 

Oneof  the  ever-swelling  bread  lines 40 

A  great  public  demonstration  in  the  dispute  between  the 

Duma  and  the  Soviet 41 

Burying  on  the  Field  of  Mars  those  who  fell  in  the  Revolution  42 

PARADES  AND  LABOUR  RIOTS  OF  MAY 

The  beginning  of  a  quarrel  that  divided  a  regiment.      .      .  43 
A  parade  in  advocacy  of  a  vigorous  offensive  against  Ger- 
many    44 

A  so-called  socialist  "Stop-the-War"  meeting  ....  45 
Loyal  soldiers  about  to  break  up  a  disloyal  meeting.  46 
An  unarmed  regiment  protesting  against  German  propa- 
ganda    47 

A  loyal  officer  addressing  his  men 48 

A  typical  Moujik  soldier 49 


To  make  and  listen  to  speeches  became  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  the  people  of  Petrograd  50 

A  Labour  Day  loyalty  demonstration  at  the  hotel  Astoria  .  51 

Volunteers  for  the  front 52 

Departure  of  a  regiment  that  had  volunteered  to  go  to  the 

front 53 

Russian  soldiers  on  the  firing  line 54 

A  silent  gun  and  idle  gunners 55 

The  Russian  front  was  quiet  while  the  poison  gas  of  Ger- 
man propaganda  was  doing  its  deadly  work   ....  56 
One  of  the  demonstrations  against  the  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment which  alarmed  Maria  Bochkarieva  ....  57 
The  first  of  May — the  day  of  the  anarchists       ....  58 

A  "  Down-with-the-Capitalists!"  parade 59 

A  "  Down-with-the-Government!"  parade 60 

Radical  orators  financed  by  Berlin 61 

Those  who  spoke  for  Russia  had  no  money  to  back  up  their 

arguments 62 

Groups  of  Russians  listening  to  the  Pro-German  arguments  63 

The  Winter  Palace  as  a  hospital 64 

Russians  marching  with  banners  "Made  in  Germany  ".      .  65 

Listening  to  speeches  on  freedom  instead  of  working.  .  66 
Gradually  the  loyal  soldiers  such  as  these  were  sent  to  the 

front .  67 

Cossacks  going  to  take  over  a  position  on  the  front  which 

had  been  abandoned  by  other  Russian  troops.  ...  68 
Wounded  men  from  the  front  hearing  of  the  overthrow  of 

the  Czar 69 

Loyal  Russian  soldiers  at  mess 70 

A  throng  of  excited   and   bewildered  people  whom  Ger- 
many was  perverting  and  the  Allies  neglecting.      .      .  71 

HOSPITAL  CONDITIONS  AT  THE  FRONT 

Colonel  Eugene  Hurd,  who  did  much  for  Russia  ...  72 
Peasant  women  bringing  their  sick  children  to  the  Amer- 
ican doctor 73 

Dr.  E.  H.  Egbert,  an  American  surgeon,  and  his  staff  74 
The  motor  ambulances  of  the  American  hospital  service  in 

Russia 75 

Lieut.  Col.  Malcom  C.  Grow,  a  Philadelphia  doctor,  who 

was  decorated  for  bravery  in  the  Russian  Army  ...  76 
Small  jolting  cars — The  makeshift  for  ambulances  on  the 

Russian  front 77 

Sometimes  there  was  not  room  for  the  wounded  even  in 

these  rough  carts — then  they  had  to  walk 78 

A  forest  dressing  station  with  a  line  of  ambulance  carts 

approaching  with  wounded 79 

Unloading  the  wounded  from  the  makeshift  ambulances 

at  a  field  hospital 80 

Carrying  wounded  from  a  primitive  ambulance  to  a  field 

hospital  tent 81 

Ordinary  freight  cars  were  used  as  ambulance  trains.  82 

Donald  C.  Thompson  with  three  of  Colonel  Hurd's  orderlies  83 

Waiting  to  be  put  on  board  the  evacuation  train       ...  84 

The  Sister  of  Mercy  in  charge  of  the  evacuation  train          .  85 

After  a  gas  attack — to  combat  which  they  had  no  gas  masks  86 

In  tents  such  as  this  I  he  slightly  gassed  were  treated    .      ,  87 

A  typical  Austrian  prisoner 88 

Florence  MacLeod  Harper,  staff  war  correspondent  for 

Leslie's  IVeekly,  as  2L  nurse  in  Russia. 89 

Patients  and  orderlies  in  front  of  a  typical  field  hospital .      .  90 

WOMEN'S  BATTALION 

Someof  the  women  soldiers  in  the  Battalion  of  Death    .      .  91 

Drilling  the  Battalion  of  Death 92 

Mrs.  Emmeline  Pankhurst  and  Maria  Bochkarieva   .      .  93 

Three  peasant  girls  brought  by  their  old  father  to  volunteer  94 


Vlll 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


PAGE 

Their  old  father  who  had  no  sons  to  fight  for  Russia     .      .  95 
A  former  street  walker  and  a  college  professor's  daughter  as 

comrades  in  arms 9^ 

Some  had  uniforms  and  some  had  not 97 

Drilling  with  and  without  equipment 98 

A  sergeant  drilling  two  squads  of  women 99 

Maria  Bochkarieva  was  a  strict  disciplinarian    ....  100 

A  section  of  the  Battalion  of  Death  at  physical  drill      .  loi 

The  dinner  squad  of  the  Battalion  of  Death     ....  102 

Some  of  the  women  soldiers  off  duty 103 

Maria  Bochkarieva  watching  two  of  her  girl  soldiers  wrestle  104 

An  early  lesson  in  rifle  practice 105 

Women  soldiers  learning  to  shoot 106 

After  a  month's  training 107 

Passing  in  review  before  Bochkarieva,  their  commanding 

officer 108 

Men  officers  visiting  and  encouraging  the  women  soldiers.  109 

A  group  of  the  first  to  volunteer  for  the  Battalion  of  Death  1 10 
Maria  Bochkarieva  with  a  woman  soldier  friend  who  had 

fought  for  two  years iii 

Types  of  those  who  enlisted  in  the  women's  battalions    .  112 

A  Kronstadt  sailor  and  his  enlisting  wife 113 

Maria  Bochkarieva  and  Florence  Harper  watching  the  wo- 
men soldiers  dance 1 14 

The  Battalion  of  Death  having  their  banners  blessed  at  the 

Cathedralof  St.  Ysaaks 115 

One  of  the  men's  Battalions  of  Death 116 

The  farewell  mass  for  the  Battalion  of  Death  117 

Captain  Thompson  and  a  nurse  of  the  Battalion  of  Death  1 18 
The  wounded  back  in  Petrograd  less  than  three  weeks  after 

they  started 119 

KRONSTADT 

The  grave  of  six  Kronstadt  men 120 

An  officer's  house  after  it  had  been  shelled  by  the  sailors.  121 

The  City  Hall  of  Kronstadt  in  the  hands  of  the  mutineers.  122 

The  dock  at  Kronstadt 123 

Kronstadt  sailors  marching  in  Petrograd 124 

The  great  white  and  gold  cathedral  of  Kronstadt   ...  125 

FUNERALS 

Men  who  died  in  defense  of  the  Provisional  Government  126 
Bolsheviki  turning  out  in  full  force  to  honour  their  dead     .  127 
The  American  Ambassador  waiting  for  a  funeral  proces- 
sion to  pass     128 

CZAR 

The  former  Czar  and  his  son,  the  former  Czarevitch    .      .  129 

ORPHANED  CHILDREN 

A  group  of  children  orphaned  by  the  Revolution  130 

Orphaned  children  learning  to  sew 131 

The  orphans  forgetting  their  troubles  in  a  swimming  hole  132 

JULY  RIOTS  AND  FUNERALS 

With  German  money  whole  families  were  paid  to  parade.  133 

A  Pro-German  speaker  hard  at  work 134 

A  loyal  officer  trying  to  counteract  the  German  propaganda  135 
Here  are  seen  some  of  the  banners  which  Lenine  had  had 

made  in  Germany 136 

Bolshevik     agents     preaching    death,    destruction,    and 

dishonour 137 

The  great  Bolshevik  parade 138 

Typeof  machine  gun  used  by  the  Bolsheviki 139 

A  typical  crowd  in  front  of  the  Winter  Palace     ....  140 

An  ambulance  picking  up  dead  and  wounded     ....  141 

Some  of  those  killed  in  street  fighting 142 

Rival  parades  in  conflict 14} 

Cossack  regiments  brought  from  the  front  to  restore  order  144 

A  small  Cossack  patrol  in  the  Nevsk  Prospekt        ...  145 

A  typical  slovenly  Bolshevik'parade 146 

A  typical  loyal  parade  in  good  marching  order.      ...  147 


PAGE 

An  armoured  car — the  determining  factor  in  the  street 

fighting 148 

Kerensky  reviewing  a  regiment  of  Cossacks 149 

Indifferent  crowds  passing  looted  shops 150 

The  usual  parades  were  resumed  as  soon  as  order  was  re- 
stored    151 

The  great  public  funeral  for  the  loyalists 152 

Distinguished  citizens  joined  in  this  memorial  parade    .      .  153 

Priests  marching  in  the  memorial  procession 154 

Kerensky  marching  behind  the  coffin  of  one  of  the  victims .  155 
Priests  in  the  gorgeous  robes  of  the  Greek  church  156 
The  American  Ambassador,  paying  tribute  to  the  dead      .  157 
Red  Cross  representatives  carrying  wreaths  to  the  ceme- 
tery     .      .     ' 1 58 

Captain  Thompson's  truck 159 

RETREATS,  GAS  ATTACKS,  AND 
"FRONT  STUFF" 

A  loyal  regiment  forced  to  retreat 160 

Russian  machine  gunners  who  held  the  enemy  at  bay     .  161 

Members  of  a  machine-gun  corps  who  refused  to  retreat  .  162 

Russian  gas  tanks,  stored  in  a  forest,  ready  for  removal  163 
These  men  said  the  Germans  were  their  brothers  and  would 

no  longer  kill  them 164 

The  Russian's  primitive  typeof  gasmask 165 

The  result  of  their  faith  in  their  German  "comrades"  .      .  166 

They  died  frothing  at  the  mouth  and  in  intense  agony     .  167 

Russian  soldiers  deserting  first-line  trenches 168 

A  disorganized  hospital  hut 169 

In  their  panic  they  left  their  dead  half  buried  ....  170 
An  assault  battalion  charging  in  a  brave  attempt  to  check 

the  German  advance 171 

A  Russian  shock  battalion  taking  some  German  trenches.  172 
Remnant  of  the  shock  battalion  of  which  the  last  remain- 
ing officer  shot  himself  rather  than  retreat      ....  173 

MEN  ON  WIRE  AND  "FRONT  STUFF" 

Dying  on  the  wire — the  worst  death  of  all 174 

Captain  Thompson  with  the  officers  and  men  of  his  party  173 

An  ingenious  lookout 176 

A  reserve  regiment  taking  the  place  of  one  that  had  been 

demoralized 177 

A  bomb  bursting  on  the  edge  of  a  wire  entanglement  178 
Advancing  to  the  partially  destroyed  wire  in  skirmish  for- 
mation        179 

Men  of  a  shock  battalion  who  had  sworn  to  die  attacking.  180 

A  Red  Cross  orderly  killed  by  a  German  sniper      ...  181 

Their  ammunition  gone,  they  await  the  arrival  of  the  enemy  182 

A  German  prisoner  lying  to  his  captors 183 

A  shell  bursting  just  in  front  of  a  shallow  Russian  trench.  184 

Rifles  collected  by  assault  battalions 185 

Cossacks  rallying  at  KornilofT's  call 186 

BOLSHEVIKI  RIOTS,  ARMOURED  CARS, 
AND  CROWDS 

Workmen  armed  by  Kerensky  to  defend  Petrograd  against 

General  KornilofT  and  his  Cossacks ,  187 

Armoured  cars  were  again  brought  out  to  defend  the  city  188 

Thesquareof  the  Winter  Palace 189 

As  General  KornilofT's  army  approached,  the  city  was  in  a 

turmoil 190 

The   Nevski  Prospekt  was  again  crowded  by  excited  and 

apprehensive  people 191 

The  passion  for  street  speaking  and  parading  continued  192 
Lenine  and  Trotzky,  leaders  of  the   Bolsheviki,   placing 

wreaths  on  the  graves  of  their  followers 193 

Some  of  the  early  victims  of  the  reign  of  anarchy     .      .      .  194 

Burial  squads  removing  the  revolutionary  dead.      ...  195 

Officers  of  the  troops  in  Petrograd 196 

The  funeral  of  a  naval  officer  who  was  killed  by  some  of  his 

men  and  buried  by  others  with  full  military  honours     .  197 

Peasants  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  the  Revolution      .  198 

Old  peasant  whose  bees  were  made  angry  by  German  shells  199 

Types  of  Russian  soldiers 200 


FROM   CZAR   TO    KAISER 


II 

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THE  BATTLE  FLAG  WHICH  THE  KAISER  HAD  PRESENTED  TO  THE 

CAFrURED  REGIMENT 

This  was  a  regiment  that  had  been  decorated  with  the  iron  cross  by  the  Kaiser's  own  hand.  He  gave 
the  cross  with  its  black  and  white  ribbon  for  the  battle  flag  in  honour  of  the  glorious  deeds  which  this  regi- 
ment had  performed  in  the  sacking  of  Belgium.  It  wasn't  often  that  any  army  of  the  Allies  had  the  luck 
to  take  prisoner  an  entire  regiment  of  supposedly  invulnerable  Prussian  guards.  They  had  been  sent  to 
the  Russian  front  to  rest  and  recuperate. 


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17 


MADAME  E.  C.  BRESHKOVSKAYA— "THE  LITTLE  GRANDMOTHER  OF  THE  REVOLUTION" 
That  another  revolution  was  coming,  everyone  knew.  The  people  must  be  free.  Among  the  many 
who  fought  and  suffered  for  the  cause  of  freedom  one  of  the  finest  and  most  famous  was  "the  little  grand- 
mother of  the  revolution,"  Madame  Breshkovskaya.  She  was  exiled  to  Siberia  by  the  Czar.  There  she 
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18 


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outright  or  beaten  to  death  by  the  mob.     The  prisoners  were  given  their  liberty. 


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A  TYPICAL  MOUJIK  SOLDIER 

Millions  of  men  of  this  type  were  willing  to  be  taught.     For  months,  all  they  heard  was  the  German 
side  of  the  question;  the  Allies,  through  stupidity  or  blindness,   never  even  attempted  to  reach  these 
It  is  no  wonder  that  in  the  end  they  were  contaminated  and  led  astray. 


men. 


49 


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PEASANT  WOMEN  BRINGING  THEIR  SICK  CHILDREN  TO  THE  AMERICAN  DOCTOR 

Every  day  the  nurses  would  find  peasant  women  with  babies  looking  for  Dr.  Hurd.  He  was  never 
too  busy  to  help  them.  It  was  the  first  time  many  of  these  people  had  even  seen  a  doctor,  much  less  been 
treated  by  one. 


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LIEUTENANT-COLONEL   MALCOLM   C.   GROW,  A   PHILADELPHLV  DOCTOR. 

Dr.  Malcolm  C.  Grow,  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  only  American  in  Russia  who  was  a  regimental  doctor. 
He  worked  with  the  first  Siberian  division  for  more  than  two  years.  Every  time  they  went  over  the  top,  he 
went  with  them.  He  was  wounded  and  suffered  from  shell  shock.  He  was  decorated  with  the  soldier's  Cross 
of  St.  George,  an  almost  unheard-of  honour  for  a  foreigner  and  rare  even  for  a  Russian.  He  won  the  rank 
of  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  Russian  army. 


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87 


A  TYPICAL  AUSTRIAN  PRISONER 

This  one  comes  from  Meran.  He  could  speak  French,  Italian,  German.  English, 
and  was  learning  Russian.  The  Austrians  are  not  hated  in  Russia,  the  hatred  is  kept 
for  the  Germans. 


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IVmS.  EMMELINE  PANKHURST  AND  MARIA  BOCHKARIEVA 

Mrs.  Enimeline  Pankluirst,  who  liad  arrived  in  Russia  in  June,  .sliowed  her  ap))refiati()n  of  t!ie  won- 
derful sacrifice  made  by  the  women  of  the  Battalion  of  Death  by  becoming  an  ardent  champion  of 
Maria  Rochkarieva.  The  latter,  in  turn.  ai)preciated  Mrs.  Pankhurst's  sympathy,  and  a  warm  friend- 
ship sprang  up  between  these  two  leaders  of  women 


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THEIR  OLD  FATHER  WHO  HAD  NO  SONS  TO  FIGHT  FOR  RUSSIA 


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TYPES  OF  THOSE  WHO  ENLISTED  IN  THE  WOMEN'S  BATTALIONS 


118 


A  KRONSTADT  SAII-OR  AND  HIS  ENLISTING  WIFE 
A  Kronstadt  sailor — who,  unlike  his  comrades,  was  against  peace  at  any  price — and  his  wife.     The  lat- 
ter is  on  her  way  to  enlist  in  the  women's  battalion. 


113 


MARIA  BOCHKARIEVA  AND  FLORENCE  HARPER  WATCHING 
THE  WOMAN  SOLDIERS  DANCE 


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AN  OFFICERS  HOl'SP.  AFTER  FF  HAD  IJEEN  SHELLED  BY  THE  SAH.ORS 

Some  of  the  officers  took  refuge  in  their  homes.  The  sailors  of  Krnnstadt,  too  cowardly  tt)  risk  a  hand- 
to-liand  fij^ht,  brought  up  artillery  and  demolished  these  houses  and  forced  the  officers  to  surrender  and 
suffer  an  ignominious  death. 


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ICRONSTADT  SAILORS  MARCHING  IN  PETROGRAD 

These  sailors,  the  most  radical  of  all  in  their  views,  paraded  in  Petrograd  all  durinj;;  the  sununer  of 

1917.     On  these  oeeasions  they  carried  banners  inscribed,  "Down  with  the  ten  capitalist  ministers!" 


124 


THE  GREAT  WHITE  AND  (iOLD  C:ATHEDRAL  OF  KRONSTADT 

At  four  o'clock  every  afternoon  the  cathedral  liell  wonld  toll,  not  to  call  the  people  to  |)rii,ver,  but  to 
call  them  to  listen  to  the  most  radical  speeches  made  by  German  agents,  from  the  little  wooden  stand 
in  the  foreground.  Here,  any  afternoon,  one  could  hear:  "Stop  the  war,  divide  the  land,  seize  the  banks, 
kill  the  bourgeoisie,  let  us  make  peace  with  Germany;  she  is  our  friend,  England  is  our  enemy,  and 
now  America  is  becoming  our  enemy  as  well.  America  is  governed  by  the  capitalists,  they  have  forced 
the  President  to  make  war,  etc.,  etc.,"  and  there  was  no  one  there  to  contradict  the.se  lies.  The  people 
of  Kronstadt  have  been  revolutionary  for  many  years. 


125 


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THE  FORMER  CZAR  AND  HIS  SOX,  THE  FORMER  CZAREVITCH 

The  presence  of  the  former  Czar  at  Tsarskoe-Selo  was  a  source  of  constant  worry  to  the  Provisional 
Government.  They  not  only  feared  a  reaction  in  favour  of  the  monarchy,  but  also  an  uprising  of  the  Bol- 
sheviki,  with  the  killing  of  the  whole  royal  family.  Accordingly,  Kerensky  decided  to  have  them  quietly 
removed  to  Tobolsk,  Siberia.  So  Colonel  Nicholas  Romanoff  with  his  family,  including  the  former  Czare- 
vitch Alexis  Nicholaivitch,  made  the  journey  to  Siberia,  that  journey  upon  which  so  many  thousands  of 
political  prisoners  had  been  sent  in  his  name. 


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TYPE  OF  MACHINE  GUN  USED  BY  THE  BOLSHEVIKI 

The  Bolslieviki  bad  mounted  their  machine  guns  on  trucks  and  automobiles  and  were  shooting  up  the 
town.  This  picture  was  taken  later  on  in  the  afternoon  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Bolsheviki  where  they 
were  distributing  these  machine  guns  to  their  agents. 


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RIVAL  PARADES  IN  CONFLICT 

Tuesday  was  a  day  of  violent  excitement.     Rival  parades  would  meet  and  the  paraders  fight  and  scatter, 

only  to  meet  again  a  few  blocks  farther  away  and  add  to  the  ever-increasing  list  of  casualties. 


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CAPTAIN  THOMPSONS  TRUCK 

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with  a  guard  of  soldiers.  Cai^tain  Thompson  used  this  truck  while  making  his  pictures  of  street  riots  and 
fighting  in  Petrograd.  The  truck  was  fired  upon  on  several  occasions.  Captain  Thompson  is  the  man 
behind  the  camera,  wearing  a  cap. 


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THE  XEVSKI  PROSPEKT,  AGAIN  CROWDED  BY  EXCITED  AND  APPREHENSIVE  PEOPLE 

Tnickloads  of  Red  Guards  were  riding  from  one  end  of  the  city  to  the  other.  Those  who  were  in 
sympathy  with  Korniloff  dared  not  even  mention  his  name.  Nevertheless  a  great  many  jjeople  were  pray- 
ing that  he  might  succeed. 


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OLD  PEASANT  WHOSE  BEES  WERE  MADE  ANGRY  BY  GERMAN  SHELLS 

If  all  Russians  were  as  sensible  as  this  old  man,  the  history  of  their  country  might  be  different.  He 
was  a  keeper  of  bees.  When  the  Germans  came  near  and  trenches  were  built  running  past  his  place,  he 
didn't  move,  his  bees  were  used  to  that  country.  He  found,  however,  that  the  German  shell-fire  upset  them 
and  made  them  so  angry  that  at  times  they  would  even  attack  him.  So  he  dug  himself  a  little  trench 
where  he  could  take  refuge,  when  the  hives  were  upset  by  violent  shelling,  and  stay  until  his  bees  were 
calm  again. 


199 


TYPES  OF  RUSSIAN  SOLDIERS 

(a)  This  man  is  educated  and  knows  what  duty  means.  Although  exempt  because  of  wounds,  he 
joined  one  of  the  first  assault  battalions.  He  marched  off  with  his  comrades  in  a  vain  effort  to  defend  Riga, 
where  he  was  killed,  (b)  This  man  is  a  splendid  type  of  the  Russian  Moujik  soldier,  (c)  Same  type  as 
"(a)."  (d)  A  Bolshevik.  He  believes  in  division  of  property,  socialist  government,  and  an  equal 
chance  for  every  man.  He  can  neither  read  nor  write  but  he  has  common  sense  and  is  not  an  extremist. 
(e)  A  young  Cossack.  The  tuft  of  hair  bunched  out  under  his  cap  is  called  "the  love  lock."  Like 
his  comrades,  he  is  a  man  of  law  and  order,  he  will  fight  for  them  and  he  will  die  for  them.  From  the  few 
Cossacks  there  are  left,  will  come  an  influence  that  will  be  felt  all  over  Russia. 


THE  COUNTRY  LITE  PRESS,   GARDEN  CITy,  NEW    YORK 


LOAN  PbRIOD  ^    '" 


All  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECAllED  AFTER  7  DAYS 
. y  °»  icenewed  by  calling     642-3405. 

UUE  AS  STAMPEDBELnvir 


FORM  NO.  DD6 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  BERKELEY 
BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


iJ 


■  "       '  r"-'  ..    V   "' 


